Philippines

           The Philippines, ranked first in the 2023 World Risk Index, faces intensifying typhoons due to climate change. While the country has implemented a range of climate adaptation projects, from dikes to manage sea-level rise to the relocation of affected communities, these interventions often lead to unintended consequences like displacement, especially when vulnerable communities are excluded from developing adaptation strategies and planning. Our study examines these impacts in Northern Mindanao, focusing on Cagayan de Oro and Siargao. After Tropical Storm Sendong (2011), Cagayan de Oro’s flood management project (FRIMP-CDOR) faced challenges, including elite influence, resulting in the displacement of households. In Siargao, Typhoon Odette (2022) revealed gaps in resilience efforts, as tourism-driven land price surges and ineffective adaptation programs exacerbated dispossession and contributed to maladaptation. These cases highlight the need for inclusive, equitable climate adaptation strategies.